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In linguistics, a filler is a sound or word that is spoken in conversation by one participant to signal to others that he/she has paused to think but has not yet finished speaking.〔Juan, Stephen (2010). "Why do we say 'um', 'er', or 'ah' when we hesitate in speaking?", accessed online (here )〕 These are not to be confused with placeholder names, such as ''thingamajig'', ''whatsamacallit'', ''whosawhatsa'' and ''whats'isface'', which refer to objects or people whose names are temporarily forgotten, irrelevant, or unknown. Different languages have different characteristic filler sounds; in English, the most common filler sounds are ''uh'' , ''er'' , and ''um'' . Among youths, the fillers "like", "y'know", "I mean", "so", "actually", "basically", and "right" are among the more prevalent. Ronald Reagan was famous for beginning his answers to questions with "Well...", as President Barack Obama often begins statements with "Look...". Fillers fall into the category of formulaic language. The term filler has a separate use in the syntactic description of wh-movement constructions. == Filler words in different languages == * In Afrikaans, ''ah'', ''um'', and ''uh'' are common fillers (''um'', and ''uh'' being in common with English). * In Arabic, ''yaʿni'' ("I mean") and ''wallāh(i)'' ("by God") are common fillers.〔(Unilang.org )〕〔("Egyptian Arabic Dialect Course" )〕〔(''Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XV'' )〕 * In Armenian, ''pan'' ("thing") and ''ya'ni'' (borrowed from Arabic and Turkish, meaning "I mean") are common fillers. * In American Sign Language, ''UM'' can be signed with open-8 held at chin, palm in, eyebrows down (similar to FAVORITE); or bilateral symmetric bent-V, palm out, repeated axial rotation of wrist (similar to QUOTE). * In Bengali, ''mane'' ("it means") is a common filler. * In Bislama, ''ah'' is the common filler. * In Bulgarian, common fillers are ''ъ'' (''uh''), ''амии'' (''amii'', 'well'), ''тъй'' (''tui'', 'so'), ''така'' (''taka'', 'thus'), ''добре'' (''dobre'', 'well'), такова (''takova'', 'this') and ''значи'' (''znachi'', 'it means'), нали (''nali'', 'right'). * In Cantonese, speakers often say ''zik1 hai6'' ("that is"/"meaning") as a filler. * In Catalan, ''eh'' , ''doncs'' ("so"), ''llavors'' ("therefore"), and ''o sigui'' ("it means") are common fillers. * In Czech, fillers are called "slovní vata", meaning "word cotton/padding", or "parasitické výrazy", meaning "parasitic expressions". The most frequent fillers are ''čili'' or ''takže'' ("so"), ''prostě'' ("simply"), ''jako'' ("like"). * In Danish, ''øh'' is one of the most common fillers. * In Dutch, ''eh'', ''ehm'', and ''dus'' ("thus") are some of the more common fillers. Also ''eigenlijk'' ("actually"), ''zo'' ("so"), ''nou'' ("well") in Netherlandic Dutch, ''allez'' ("come on") or ''(a)wel'' ("well") in Belgian Dutch, ''weet je?'' ("you know?") etc. * In Esperanto, ''do'' ("therefore") is the most common filler. * In Filipino, ''ah'', ''eh'', ''ay'', and ''ano'' ("what") are the most common fillers. * In Finnish, ''niinku'' ("like"), ''tuota'', and ''öö'' are the most common fillers. * In French, ''euh'' is most common; other words used as fillers include ''quoi'' ("what"), ''bah'', ''ben'' ("well"), ''tu vois'' ("you see"), ''t'vois c'que j'veux dire?'' ("you see what I mean?"), ''tu sais'', ''t'sais'' ("you know"), and ''eh bien'' (roughly "well", as in "Well, I'm not sure"). Outside of France, other expressions are ''t'sais veux dire?'' ("ya know what I mean?"; Québec), or ''allez une fois'' ("go one time"; especially in Brussels, not in Wallonia). Additional filler words used by youngsters include ''genre'' ("kind"), ''comme'' ("like"), and ''style'' ("style"; "kind"). * In German, traditional filler words include ''äh'' , ''hm'', ''so'' , ''tja'', and ''eigentlich'' ("actually"). So-called modal particles share some of the features of filler words, but they actually modify the sentence meaning. * In Greek, ε (''e''), εμ (''em''), λοιπόν (''lipon'', "so") and καλά (''kala'', "good") are common fillers. * In Hebrew, ''eh'' (אֶה) is the most common filler. ''Em'' (אֶמ) is also quite common. Millennials and the younger Generation X speakers commonly use ''ke'ilu'' (כאילו, the Hebrew version of "like"). Additional filler words include ''z’toméret'' (ז'תומרת, short for ''zot oméret'' (זאת אומרת), "that means"), ''az'' (אז, "so" or "then") and ''bekitzur'' (בקיצור, "in short"). Use of fillers of Arabic origin such as ''yaʿnu'' (יענו, a mispronunciation of the Arabic ''yaʿni'') and ''wálla'' (וואלה) is also common. * In Hindi, ''matlab'' ("it means"), asal mein ("actually") and ''aisa hai'' ("what it is") are some word fillers. Sound fillers include ''hoon'' (हूँ or ɧuːm̩), ''aa'' (आ or äː). * In Hungarian, filler sound is ''ő'', common filler words include ''hát'', ''nos'' (well...) and ''asszongya'' (a variant of ''azt mondja'', which means "it says here..."). Among intellectuals, ''ha úgy tetszik'' (if you like) is used as filler. * In Icelandic, a common filler is ''hérna'' ("here"). ''Þúst'', a contraction of ''þú veist'' ("you know"), is popular among younger speakers. * In Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), ''anu'' is one of the most common fillers. * In Italian, common fillers include "''tipo''" ("like"), "''ecco''" ("there") and "''cioè''" ("actually") * In Irish Gaelic, ''abair'' ("say"), ''bhoil'' ("well"), and ''era'' are common fillers, along with ''emm'' as in Hiberno-English. This accent tends to have the most fillers as Irish people tend to use the word like as well * In Japanese, common fillers include ''ええと'' (e-eto), ''あの'' (ano, or "that over there"), ''その'' (sono, or "that"), and ''ええ'' (e-e, also an expression of surprise). * In Kannada, ''Matte'' for also,''Enappa andre'' for ''the matter is'' are the common fillers. * In Korean, 응 (''eung''), 어 (''eo''), 그 (''geu''), and 음 (''eum'') are commonly used as fillers. * In Lithuanian, ''nu'', ''am'', ''žinai'' ("you know"), ''ta prasme'' ("meaning"), ''tipo'' ("like") are some of common fillers. * In Maltese and Maltese English, ''mela'' ("then"), or just ''la'', is a common filler. * In Mandarin Chinese, speakers often say ''zhège/zhèige'' ("this") or ''nàge/nèige'' ("that"). Other common fillers are ''jìu'' ("just") and ''hǎoxiàng'' ("as if/kind of like"). * In Nepali, ''maane'' or ("meaning"), ''chaine'' or , ''chai'' or , and ''haina'' or ("No?") are commonly used as fillers. * In Norwegian, common fillers are ''øh'', ''altså'', ''på en måte'' ("in a way"), ''bare'' ("Just") ''ikke sant'' (literally "not true?", meaning "don't you agree?", "right?", "no kidding" or "exactly"), ''vel'' ("well"), and ''liksom'' ("like"). In Bergen, ''sant'' ("true") is often used instead of ''ikke sant''. In the Trøndelag region, ''skjø (comes from "skjønner" which means "see(?)" or "understand?") is also a common filler. * In Persian, ''bebin'' ("you see"), چیز "chiz" ("thing"), and مثلا ''masalan'' ("for instance") are commonly used filler words. As well as in Arabic and Urdu, ''yaʿni'' ("I mean") is also used in Persian. Also, ''eh'' is a common filler in Persian. * In Portuguese, ''é'', ''hum'', ''então'' ("so"), ''tipo'' ("like") and ''bem'' ("well") are the most common fillers. * In Punjabi, matlab ("it means") is a common filler. * In Polish, the most common filler sound is ''yyy'' and also ''eee'' (both like English "um") and while common its use is frowned upon. Other examples include, ''no'' (like English "well"), ''wiesz'' ("you know"). In polish vernacular, speakers will use the vulgarism ''kurwa'' as a filler. * In Romanian, ''deci'' ("therefore") is common, especially in school, and ''ă'' is also very common (can be lengthened according to the pause in speech, rendered in writing as ''ăăă''), whereas ''păi'' is widely used by almost anyone. A modern filler has gained popularity among youths - ''gen'' , analogous to the English "like", literally translated as "type". * In Russian, fillers are called ''слова-паразиты'' ("vermin words"); the most common are ''Э-э'' ("eh"), ''вот'' ("here it is"), ''это'' ("this"), ''того'' ("that"), ''ну'' ("well"), ''значит'' ("it means"), ''так'' ("so"), ''как его'' ("what's it ()"), ''типа'' ("like"), and ''как бы'' ("() like"), ''понимаешь?'' ("understand?"). * In Serbian, ''znači'' ("means") and ''ovaj'' ("this") are common fillers. * In Slovak, ''oné'' ("that"), ''tento'' ("this"), ''proste'' ("simply"), or ''akože'' ("it's like…") are used as fillers. The Hungarian ''izé'' (or ''izí'' in its Slovak pronunciation) can also be heard, especially in parts of the country with a large Hungarian population. ''Ta'' is a filler typical of Eastern Slovak and one of the most parodied features. * In Slovene, ''pač'' ("but", although it has lost that meaning in colloquial, and it is used as a means of explanation), ''a ne?'' ("right?"), and ''no'' ("well") are some of the fillers common in central Slovenia, including Ljubljana. * In Spanish, fillers are called ''muletillas''. Some of the most common in American Spanish are ''e'' , ''este'' (roughly equivalent to "uhm", literally means "this"), and ''o sea'' (roughly equivalent to "I mean", literally means "or be it").,〔("Filler Words and Vocal Pauses" )〕 in Spain the previous fillers are also used, but ''¿Vale?'' ("right?") and ''¿no?'' are very common too. * In Swedish, fillers are called ''utfyllnadsord''; some of the most common are ''öhm'', ''ja'' ("yes"), ''ba'' (comes from "bara", which means "only"), ''asså'' or ''alltså'' ("therefore", "thus"), ''va'' (comes from "vad", which means "what"), and ''liksom'' and ''typ'' (both similar to the English "like"). * In Ukrainian, ''е'' ("eh", similar to "um"), ''ну'' ("Nu (well)"), ''і'' ("and"), ''цей'' ("this"), ''той-во'' ("this one") are common fillers. * In Urdu, ''yani'' ("meaning..."), ''flana flana'' ("this and that"; "blah blah"), ''haan haan'' ("yeah yeah") and ''acha'' ("ok") are also common fillers. * In Telugu, ''ikkada entante'' ("Whats here is...") and ''tarwatha'' ("then...") are common and there are numerous like this. * In Malayalam, ''Athayathu'' ("that mean...") and ''ennu vachaal'' ("then...") are common. * In Tamil, ''paatheenga-na'' ("if you see...") and ''apparam'' ("then...") are common. * In Turkish, ''yani'' ("meaning..."), ''şey'' ("thing"), ''işte'' ("that is"), and ''falan'' ("as such", "so on") are common fillers. * In Welsh, ''de'' or ''ynde'' is used as a filler (loosely the equivalent of "You know?" or "Isn't it?"). ''Ym...'' and ''Y...'' are used similarly to the English "um...". Among language learners, a common pitfall is using fillers from their native tongue. For example, "''Quiero una'' umm.... ''quesadilla''". While less of a shibboleth, knowing the placeholder names (sometimes called kadigans) of a language (e.g. the equivalent of "thingy") can also be useful to attain fluency, such as the French ''truc'': "''Je cherche le truc qu'on utilise pour ouvrir une boîte''" ("I'm looking for the thingy that you use to open up a can"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Filler (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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